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Introduction: A Modern Problem with Deep Roots In today’s world, where religious ideas are often mixed and confused, one of the most significant theological deviations of Protestantism is the doctrine of Penal Substitution. This teaching, popularized by reformers like John Calvin, claims that Christ, on the Cross, suffered the punishment sinners …
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When we talk about the role of the Virgin Mary in redemption, we encounter a topic of great theological depth and devotion. The Catholic Church has always recognized her unique role in the history of salvation, but the question often arises: Is Mary “Co-Redemptrix” with Christ, or is she simply …
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