Dogmas of the Faith

The Protestant Error of Penal Substitution: The False Idea of Christ’s Redemption

Introduction: A Modern Problem with Deep Roots In today’s world, where religious ideas are often mixed and confused, one of the most significant theological deviations of Protestantism is the doctrine of Penal Substitution. This teaching, popularized by reformers like John Calvin, claims that Christ, on the Cross, suffered the punishment sinners …

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The Catholic Truth in the Face of Protestant Objections: A Biblical Guide

Since the dawn of Christianity, theological debates have enriched and challenged the faith of believers. However, with the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, significant objections to the teachings of the Catholic Church emerged. These objections, based on divergent interpretations of the Bible, have led to profound debates on fundamental …

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Christ Descended to the Dead

One of the most intriguing statements in the Apostles’ Creed is that Jesus Christ “descended to the dead.” This declaration, often misunderstood or overlooked, holds a profound theological significance, revealing the breadth of Christ’s redemptive work. At its core lies the certainty that God’s love is more powerful than death …

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The Filioque Clause: Meaning, History, and Relevance for Christian Faith

Introduction: Context and Relevance of the Filioque The Filioque clause (from Latin, “and the Son”) is a theological expression that has played a crucial role in the history of Christianity, particularly in the realm of Trinitarian theology. Its inclusion in the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed has sparked theological debates and ecclesial divisions, …

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Theological Analysis of Luther and the Counter-Reformation: History, Theology, and Relevance for Today

The conflict that shook the Church in the 16th century remains a source of interest and reflection today. Martin Luther, with his 95 Theses in 1517, ignited a spark that would lead to the Protestant Reformation, dividing the Christian faith in the West and sparking deep theological debates. The Counter-Reformation, …

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